Trigger Finger Surgery: Why is it Necessary?

Trigger finger is an excruciating condition that causes the finger or the thumb to catch or lock up when bent.

Also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, trigger finger occurs when the tendons in the finger or thumb becomes inflamed.

The tough tissue bands that connect the muscles and the bones are called tendons.

Together, the tendons and the muscles in the hands and arms bend and straighten the fingers and the thumbs.

Typically, the tendon will just easily glide through the tissue covering or the sheath because of the synovium.

It is the lubricating membrane surrounding the joint.

However, there will be instances when the tendon becomes inflamed and swollen.

When this happens, bending the finger or the thumb will pull the inflamed tendon through a tendon sheath that is already narrowed.

This would result to a snap or pop.

Depending on the severity, the treatment option can range from noninvasive options to trigger finger surgery.

Causes

Repeated movements and forceful use of the finger or thumb is often the culprit for trigger finger.

Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and gout have also been associated with trigger finger.

There are several factors that increase one’s risk of developing the condition.

Some of the factors include the following:

• Repeated gripping – occupations and hobbies that entail repetitive hand use and prolonged gripping.
• Health problems – people with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are more at risk of developing trigger finger.
• Sex – trigger finger is more common in women than in men.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of trigger finger include the following:

• A bump or a nodule
• Tenderness
• Finger catching or locking
• Difficulty or inability to straighten the affected finger
• Finger is locked in bent position
• Stiffness of the affected finger especially in the mornings
• Popping and clicking sensation when the affected finger is moved

Diagnosis

When diagnosing trigger finger, no elaborate testing is required.

Checking the medical history and a physical examination would often suffice.

During the examination, the patient will be asked to close and open the hand.

This is done so the doctor can easily check for signs of locking.

The physical examination will also allow the doctor to check for lumps, areas of pain, and smoothness of motion.

Lumps associated with trigger finger will move together with the finger since it is attached to the tendon.

Treatment

Medications

NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen and naproxen) are often recommended to provide relief from pain.

However, NSAIDs won’t be able to relieve the inflammation and the swelling.

Therapy

Noninvasive treatment approaches for trigger finger include the following:

• Rest – patients whose hobbies or work entail prolonged grasping and repetitive gripping, resting for at least 3 to 4 weeks will be recommended.
• Ice or heat – some individuals notice an improvement when icing the palm several times a day. Others on the other hand, observe an improvement when warm-water soaks are done first thing each morning.
• Splint – splinting the affected finger for at least 6 weeks might be recommended to help ensure it stays in an extended condition.
• Stretching exercises – in order to maintain mobility of the affected finger, doctors will most likely recommend gentle exercises.

Surgery and Other Procedures

For conditions that are severe and does not respond to conventional treatments, the following treatment routes might be suggested:

Percutaneous Release – after numbing the palm, the doctor will then insert a needle into the tissue in order to help break the constriction. This procedure is done under ultrasound so damage to the tendon and other nerves will be avoided.

Trigger Finger Surgery – the procedure is done by cutting open the constricted tendon sheath section through a small incision made in the base of the finger affected. This procedure is often carried out in the operating room.

Don’t put up with the pain and discomfort trigger finger brings. Visit www.bjios.sg to know how to effectively manage the condition and treat it for good.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/trigger-finger-surgery-why-is-it-necessary/

Physiotherapy: What are the Benefits?

In essence, physiotherapy is carried out with the purpose of restoring both movement and function for individuals affected by injury, illness, and disability.

It is also done in order to help ensure any risk of future illnesses and injuries are avoided.

Who needs it?

Physiotherapy is beneficial for people suffering from conditions that affect the:

• Joints, soft tissues, bones – sports injuries and neck, back, and shoulder pain.
• Brain and nervous system – movement problems due to stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
• Circulation and heart – rehabilitation after a heart attack.
• Lungs and breathing – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic

What are the main approaches?

Physiotherapists make use of different treatment and preventative approaches depending on the condition being treated.

Three key approaches are often used in physiotherapy—movement and exercise, manual therapy, and education and advice.

In other instances, however, other techniques (i.e. acupuncture and ultrasound treatment) are used.

Manual Therapy

The technique where physiotherapists utilize their hands to mobilize, massage, and manipulate body tissues is called manual therapy.

This technique can help:

• Provide pain relief and minimize stiffness
• Improve blood circulation
• Significantly improve movement
• Promote relaxation

Movement and Exercise

To help improve both the patient’s mobility and function, movement and exercise are recommended.

The following are often included in this approach:

• Activities that involve moving the entire body (i.e. walking and swimming). This is considered helpful for patients recovering from operations or injuries that affect mobility.
• Exercises that are designed to help enhance movement and strength of specific parts of the body.
• Therapies (hydrotherapy or aquatic) that promote relaxation and support to the muscles and the joints. Hydrotherapy also effectively provides resistance so patients can regain strength gradually.

Education and Advice

When necessary, physiotherapists will provide insights and pointers that can help improve the well-being of the patient.

Advice is also given to help ease pain and help ensure the risk of future injuries are minimized.

For example, patients suffering from back pain will likely be given advice on proper lifting and carrying techniques as well as good posture.

What are the key benefits of physiotherapy?

• Physiotherapy is used to address orthopedic conditions in adults, infants, children, and the geriatric population.

Some of the most common orthopedic disorders treated using physiotherapy include amputation, arthritis, sports injuries, fractures, post-operative conditions, and neck and back pain.

Treatment course will often involve therapeutic exercises that will help enhance motion range, strength, joint mobilization, and endurance.

In majority of the cases, patients are also provided training in the use of ambulation devices to help restore and enhance movement.

• Individuals afflicted with neurological disorders (i.e. spinal cord injury, strokes, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, etc.) often takes up a big percentage of a typical physiotherapist’s workload.

Case in point: a stroke patient experiencing hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body) or hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) can surely benefit from physiotherapy.

Oftentimes, interventions for abovementioned scenarios will focus on reeducation, muscle transfer, training in the use of mobility aids, and enhancement and restoration of gait, among other things.

• Patients suffering from cardiopulmonary conditions can also take advantage of physiotherapy interventions.

For instance, patients who experience shortness of breath, decreased endurance, and those who are having difficulty doing their daily routines are provided help through guided exercises and resistance training.

Also, physiotherapy intervention will most likely include behavior modifications and educating the patient so recurrence of the condition in the future can be effectively avoided.

• Children with cerebral palsy can also greatly benefit from physiotherapy.

For starters, physiotherapy can help keep spasticity and deformity to a minimum and enhance postural control.

It also helps improve functional dependence by helping them become proficient in the use of assistive devices.

If you can benefit from the expertise of a competent physiotherapist, visit www.bjios.sg now and tell them how they can help.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/physiotherapy-what-are-the-benefits/

Problems Commonly Seen by Pediatric Orthopaedics

Simply put, pediatric orthopaedics is the specialty that treats bone defects that are acquired, genetic-related, and those that occur during gestation.

Orthopaedic conditions are prevalent among children.

Those children with congenital bone diseases and those who are suffering from musculoskeletal or developmental conditions can also benefit from the expertise of a pediatric orthopaedics specialist.

Some of the most common pediatric orthopaedic conditions among children are the following:

Foot

Hypermobile pes planus

While this condition often gets resolved when the child turns 6 years old, flexible feet is very common among children.

When symptoms of the condition will manifest, ankle stretch exercises and foot orthoses are often recommended.

Pes cavus

Pes cavus is a condition characterized by a high arch and will not respond to weight bearing.

Treatment approach can include physical therapy, orthotics, and in some cases, surgery.

In most cases however, the treatment approach used will depend on the condition’s severity.

Planovalgus deformity

While quite common, this condition is associated with cerebral palsy.

In ambulatory children, calcaneal lengthening will most likely be recommended to help correct deformities that are considered mild to moderate.

In non-ambulatory children suffering from a severe case of the condition, a high relapse rate is observed and surgery will often not help much.

Tarsal coalition

Common symptoms of this condition include a painful flat foot and calf muscle spasm.

Fortunately, tarsal coalition can be treated using noninvasive alternatives like casts and shoe inserts.

Severe cases of the condition however will often require surgery.

Toes

Curly toes

This condition will often affect the fourth and the fifth toes.

The condition is also considered hereditary.

In most cases, no symptoms will manifest for curly toes.

Thankfully, as much as 50 percent of cases are resolved as soon as the child turns 3 or 4 years old.

Otherwise, surgery will be recommended.

Hammer toe

This condition will often affect the second toe.

When the condition becomes painful, surgery might be the likely option.

Ingrowing toenail

A condition known as paronychia develops when the edge of the nail grows into its surrounding soft tissue.

Treatment can range from noninvasive alternatives like warm soaks and antibiotics to diverse surgical procedures.

Polydactyly

This condition is considered one of the most common among the many foot deformities.

Severity of the condition can range from soft tissue duplication to major skeletal abnormalities.

In severe cases, surgical intervention might be the recommended treatment route.

Knee

Patellar subluxation and dislocation

The typical treatment for this congenital disorder is immobilization.

However, surgery might be recommended in chronic cases.

Popliteal cyst or Baker’s cyst

Treatment option for the condition is often noninvasive.

In cases however where there is an underlying knee derangement, arthroscopy will most likely be required.

Tibial apophysitis

This condition will often respond very well to conservative treatment alternatives like bracing, activity modification, and orthotics.

Discoid lateral meniscus

The malformation of the lateral meniscus is considered congenital.

If the condition becomes too bothersome, surgery will be recommended.

Hip

Developmental dysplasia

This condition is a spectrum of disorders that affect the acetabulum, proximal femur, and the hips.

Long-term morbidity can be avoided given that the condition will be detected early.

Transient monoarticular synovitis

Known as the common cause of limping, this condition also often develops after a respiratory infection.

Treatment options for the condition can often include physiotherapy, rest, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs.

Perthes’ disease

This condition is considered an idiopathic avascular necrosis affecting the femoral head.

Typical treatment intervention for the condition will often include analgesia, bed rest, and bracing.

In some cases however, a procedure redirecting the femoral head’s ball known as femoral varus osteotomy will be required to correct the condition.

If your child has an orthopaedic condition that needs expert attention, head to www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/problems-commonly-seen-by-pediatric-orthopaedics/

Knee Osteoarthritis: What are the Stages?

Otherwise referred to as wear-and-tear arthritis, osteoarthritis or OA develops when the natural cushioning situated between the joints (cartilage) wears away.

The condition can cause the joints to rub more closely.

The rubbing can result to stiffness, pain, swelling, reduced movement ability, and in some cases, formation of bone spurs.

Osteoarthritis is considered one of the most common types of arthritis.

While OA can develop in young people, the likelihood of developing the condition is higher for those past the age of 45.

Compared to men, women are also more prone to osteoarthritis.

Risk Factors and Causes

Many cases of knee OA are attributed to age.

However, while it is possible that many individuals will experience some degree of osteoarthritis, several factors are believed to significantly increase the risk of the condition developing at an early age.

Some of the most common risk factors for OA include:

Weight

Excess weight can put unnecessary stress and strain on the knees.

Every extra pound can put as much as 3 to 4 pounds of weight on the knees.

Repetitive stress injuries

Individuals whose work entail repetitive activities (kneeling, lifting weights, squatting, etc.) that can cause stress to the joint are more prone to developing OA.

Heredity

Some individuals become more prone to knee osteoarthritis compared to others because of certain genetic mutations.

The condition can also be secondary to inherited abnormalities that affect the bones that surround the knee joint.

Different Stages of Knee Osteoarthritis

OA has 5 stages.

Stage 4 is assigned for severe cases while stage 0 is for healthy and normal knees.

Stage 0

In stage 0, there are no signs or indications of osteoarthritis evident in the knee joint.

The knee joint also functions without any impairment or pain.

Stage 1

Patients afflicted with stage 1 osteoarthritis are most likely to already have bone spur growths albeit very minor.

In essence, bone spurs are the boney growths that occur where the bones meet.

Fortunately, it is very unlikely for individuals with stage 1 osteoarthritis to experience any discomfort or pain as wear on the joint components is often very minimal.

Stage 2

Individuals with a “mild” degree of osteoarthritis are considered to have stage 2 OA.

X-ray results of patients with stage 2 OA may indicate greater bone spur growth but the cartilage size is most likely still considered healthy.

In stage 2 OA, no bone scraping or rubbing is likely to take place as the space between the bones is still considered normal.

There are also no noticeable changes in the joint motion as the level of synovial fluid present is still sufficient.

Stage 3

Those classified with “moderate” OA belong to stage 3.

In stage 3, a notable narrowing of space between the bones is also present.

The cartilage will also likely to already show some damage.

Those with stage 3 osteoarthritis will often experience pain when bending, running, walking, or kneeling.

Joint stiffness may also occur early in the mornings or when sitting for long periods.

Joint swelling might also occur after extended movement.

Stage 4

Patients with “severe” cases of knee OA are classified under stage 4.

Individuals with stage 4 knee osteoarthritis often experience discomfort and pain when walking or moving the joint.

This is also the stage where joint space is significant and the cartilage is almost gone completely.

Patients with stage 4 OA will often experience difficulty moving and severe joint stiffness.

In this stage, the synovial fluid has also been decreased significantly so it can no longer reduce the friction between the moving parts of the joint.

Suffering from knee osteoarthritis?

Ensure the condition is properly managed by heading to www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/knee-osteoarthritis-what-are-the-stages/

Effective Ways to Manage Lower Back Pain

Lower back pain is considered by many to be one of those universal human experiences.

In other words, everyone has experienced it at one point in their lives or another.

Lower pain is considered very common in adults between 30 and 50 years old.

Its severity can range from acute to chronic.

Back pain can be attributed to a lot of causes.

However, some of the most common causes include spinal abnormalities (i.e. slipped disk or spinal stenosis), muscle pulls and spasms, and nerve irritation.

Symptoms

Back pain symptoms that will manifest will often depend on the severity of the condition.

In most cases however, it can range from dull ache to stabbing or shooting sensation.

In other cases, those with the condition will notice pain when standing or moving up.

Most cases of acute lower back pain are attributed to injuries from sports or from lifting heavy objects.

If pain in the back persists past the 72-hour mark, seeing an orthopaedic specialist would be considered ideal.

Pain that persists for more than 3 months is already classified as chronic.

Individuals who experience back pain that is severe after a fall or injury should consider seeking immediate medical attention a necessity.

Other alarming symptoms that will require immediate medical attention include:

• Fever
• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Pain when coughing or urinating
• Weakness in the leg

Risk Factors

Many people often experience lower back pain in their 30s.

Occurrence of the condition has been noticed to increase as an individual ages.

Apart from age, there are other factors that have been known to increase a person’s risk for lower back pain.

Some of the factors are:

• Sedentary lifestyle
• Obesity
• Jobs that entail lifting of heavy objects

Diagnosis

To diagnose the cause of the back pain accurately, orthopaedic specialists would most likely ask patients the following questions:

• What is the pain like?
• When did you first notice it?
• What are the symptoms you have noticed?
• Do you have a history of chronic back pain?

Treatment

In most cases, recommended treatment option for back pain will depend on the cause of the condition and its severity.

Below are some of the most effective ways used to manage back pain:

Rest

In mild cases, reducing the level of activity at least for a couple of days or more would often do wonders.

Also, putting in the back in a neutral position by putting a pillow under the knees while lying on the back has also been known to help.

Heat or ice

Evidence indicates that using heat packs and ice can significantly increase mobility and alleviate pain.

Placing a bag of ice wrapped in a towel on the painful area is often recommended to help minimize the inflammation.

The procedure should be repeated numerous times each day, at least 20 minutes for each repetition.

For those who prefer heat treatment, taking a warm bath or using a heating pad would be good ideas.

The warmth can help loose the tight muscles that might be one of the causes of the pain.

Surgery

Surgery to resolve severe back pain is very rare.

However, it can become the likely option when all other treatment options that have been exhausted has proved futile.

Surgery can also be the best option in some cases.

For instance, when small disk fragments have disintegrated, they need to be removed surgically to remove pressure on the nerve paths.

In the case of an injured or abnormal vertebrae, fusing it together might be required so the patient can regain mobility.

Generally, surgery of the back is often considered the last resort.

It can only become the ideal treatment option when there is loss of bowel or bladder control, when there is neurological loss, and when all other noninvasive alternatives have proved futile.

Manage low back pain effectively with the help of the specialists at www.bjios.sg.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/effective-ways-to-manage-lower-back-pain/

Hand Surgery Recovery: What to Expect

While unfortunate to note, there’s no denying the importance of the human hands is often overlooked.

However, the significance of the human hands cannot be overstated.

Routine day-to-day activities like eating, working, dressing, writing, creating art, etc. can become very challenging if not impossible sans functioning hands.

Unfortunately, trauma, injuries, and even overuse can result to hand problems.

Treatment options for hand injuries can range from conventional alternatives to orthopaedic hand surgery.

In most cases, the chosen treatment option will depend on the condition’s severity.

However, while not all hand conditions will require orthopaedic hand surgery, in some instances, it is considered the best option available.

Enumerated below are some of the most common hand conditions that will respond to surgery and what patients can expect during recovery:

Carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when pressure is placed on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist.

Pain and numbness are considered two of the most common symptoms of the condition.

To minimize nerve pressure, surgery might be recommended.

Recovery

After the surgery, patient will have to wear a bandage on both the hand and the wrist. This can last for at least a week.

Ten to fourteen days after, stitches will be removed.

By that time, patients are most likely already able to use the fingers and the thumb.

However, doing heavy tasks using the affected hand will still be prohibited.

In majority of the cases, moving the fingers will be required to help ensure the nerve and the tendons do not get caught up in any scar tissue.

While recovery can often occur in less than a month, getting feelings back in the hands will often take much longer.

In some cases, the scar can become painful and sensitive for a few months.

Fortunately, the sensitivity and the ache will eventually go away on its own without any treatment interventions.

Dupytren’s contracture fasciectomy

This condition is characterized by a tissue that forms in the fingers and the palm of the hands.

While often not painful, this condition might cause bands to form resulting in curled fingers.

To remove the tissue and release the fingers, surgery is often recommended.

Fortunately, the condition will not require hospitalization so the patient is free to go home at least a few hours after the surgery.

Recovery

While healing of the skin will only take 2 to 3 weeks, it will often take 12 weeks before patient can have full use of the hands.

The hand’s movement and function will be monitored and patients will be taught hand exercises.

While not required in most cases, night splints might be recommended in some cases.

Knuckle replacement (MCP joint)

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP joints) or otherwise known as rheumatoid arthritis of the knuckles may sometimes result to damage and deformity.

Apart from being severely painful, the condition can also reduce hand function significantly.

When using the hand becomes challenging already, surgery to replace the knuckles with artificial joints might be required.

The procedure will help minimize the pain and improve finger positioning.

Recovery

Before rehabilitation can start, resting the hand for a few days after the surgery will be recommended.

Exercises to help move the fingers will also be taught to patients.

Wearing a splint during the day will also be recommended when not exercising.

In some cases, wearing nightly splints (at least for a few months) will be prescribed.

Advice on ways to properly look after the new artificial joints will also be taught to patients.

Tendon repair

Tendon ruptures in the wrist or hand are considered rare.

Most cases are often attributed to rheumatoid arthritis or other kinds of inflammatory arthritis.

Recovery

Patients will need to wait for at least six weeks for the tendons to fully heal before they can use their hands again.

To help protect the tendons while healing, splinting will be recommended.
Know more about hand surgery and what to expect after the procedure at www.bjios.sg.

 

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/hand-surgery-recovery-what-to-expect/

ACL Injuries: Minimally Invasive Surgery

The ACL or the anterior cruciate ligament are the tough tissue bands that connect the thigh bone to the shin bone.

The anterior cruciate ligament runs through the knee diagonally and works by giving the joint in the knee the much needed stability.

It also helps control the back-and-forth movement of the lower leg.

Oftentimes, knee injuries occur when playing physically demanding sports like skiing, squash, football, and tennis.

Up to 40 percent of known sports injuries can be traced to ACL injuries.

In cases where damage is extensive, minimally invasive surgery might be recommended.

Tears in the ACL often happen when the lower leg and the knee are twisted or when the lower leg is extended too much.

Other likely causes of ACL injuries include:

• Incorrect landings (from jumps)
• Collisions (from football tackles)
• Drastic stops
• Sudden changes in direction

When the ACL is torn, there is a tendency for the knee to become highly unstable.

Losing its full motion range is also possible.

When is surgery needed?

For ACL tears that are minor, conservative and noninvasive treatment options will most often suffice.

However, if there are multiple tears, immediate surgical intervention is the most likely option to help ensure the knee is stabilized.

Surgery is also often carried out before too much inflammation can occur and cause permanent damage to the joint.

Stitching alone will not be enough to repair ACL tears.

Tissue graft (from the patient or a cadaver) will be required to provide support and facilitate ligament growth.

Fortunately, it is a lot easier for orthopedic surgeons nowadays to gauge the severity of the injury.

When immediate repairs are deemed necessary, a minimally invasive surgery called arthroscopy is performed.

The procedure is carried out under general anesthesia.

The surgeon will also need to make several tiny incisions in the knee.

In order to clean the joint, fluid will be injected.

A fiber optic camera will then be inserted so it can provide detailed images on the television monitor.

The detailed images will help the orthopedic surgeon clearly see the joint parts and determine the steps necessary for the repair.

Years prior, surgeries of the knee are often classified as open surgery and will often entail at least a week-long stay in the hospital.

Several months will also be required for full recovery to take place.

Fortunately, patients can perform day-to-day routines more quickly with procedures that are minimally invasive.

Knee arthroscopy is also carried out to:

• Trim the pieces of the broken cartilage
• Remove or repair the cartilage that works as cushion in the meniscus (the space situated between the knee bones)
• Repair the bone fractures found in the knee
• Repair the lining of the knee or the synovium
• Remove the fluid-filled sac that can manifest in the back of the knee (Baker’s cyst)

Preparations

Before the surgery, the following will most likely be suggested:

• Discussing bleeding disorders or other medical conditions with the surgeon.
• Taking a blood sample just in case a transfusion of blood will be necessary.
• Letting the doctor know if you have colds, fever, herpes breakout, flu or other conditions that might cause rescheduling of the surgery.
• Taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), Iopidogrel (Plavix), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and other blood thinners should be stopped.

On the day of the procedure, the following will most likely be recommended:

• Eating and drinking after midnight should be avoided especially if general anesthesia will be administered.
• Should be in the hospital on the time scheduled.
• Taking medications provided with only a small water sip.

After the surgery, patients can expect the following:

• They will be asked to go home after only a few hours.
• They will have to use crutches when necessary.
• Since the procedure is minimally invasive, recovery will be faster. However, in some instances, the complexity of the repair and the severity of the condition may affect the length of the recovery.

If you are a candidate for minimally invasive surgery for an ACL injury, get expert help from the able specialists at www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/acl-injuries-minimally-invasive-surgery/

Microsurgery: Basic Principles

In essence, microsurgery is surgery performed on very small structures (i.e. nerves and the blood vessels).

Specialized instruments under a microscope are also used for the procedure.

Microsurgery makes use of techniques like blood vessel repair and organ transplantation.

The aforementioned techniques have been used since the twentieth century’s early part.

Microsurgery techniques have also been utilized by several surgical specialties.

For instance:

Ophthalmologists (eye doctors)

Performs microsurgery to remove cataracts, carry out corneal transplants, and treat glaucoma and other eye conditions.

Otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat doctors)

Uses microsurgeries when working on the small and delicate structures of the inner ear or when carrying out work on the vocal chords.

Gynecologists and urologists

Reverses tubal ligations and vasectomies using microsurgery principles.

Plastic surgeons

Reconstructs damaged or disfigured skin, tissues, and muscles using microsurgical techniques.

Other specialties

Performs microsurgery to replant or reattach amputated body parts to replace a new one (for instance, a lost or damaged thumb is replaced with a great toe).

Equipment Used in Microsurgery

The key functions of microsurgical equipment include magnifying the operating field and providing instrumentation.

The equipment used are designed to make precise maneuvering feasible and to make operating on barely visible structures possible.

Essential instruments used in microsurgery include microsurgical instruments, micro suture materials, and the microscope.

Microscope

Microscope that is used in microsurgery is either mounted on the ceiling or on the floor.

It also comes designed with a moveable arm so manipulating its position becomes relatively easier.

A set of lenses and a high-intensity light source are used to view the surgical site.

A video camera is used so other members of the surgical team can view the surgical site on a display screen.

Ideally, a five to forty times (5–40x) magnification is used in microsurgical procedures.

Instruments

Compared to traditional surgical instruments, those used in microsurgery have distinct differences.

Aside from its capability to delicately manipulate barely visible structures, microsurgical instruments also come with handles that are large enough so handling them comfortably and securely is possible.

Instruments often utilized in microsurgery include:

• Needle holders (for suturing)
• Forceps
• Vessel dilators
• Standard surgical tools
• Scissors
• Irrigators

Suture Materials

In microsurgery, suturing or stitching is carried out utilizing needles and threads that are specialized.

The diameter or gauge of the threads can vary in size.

When choosing the apt thread to be used, the procedure that will be performed as well as the tissue that needs to be sutured will be taken into account.

In most cases, threads with 9–0 to 12–0 gauges are used in microsurgery.

Suture threads can also be non-absorbable or absorbable.

They can also be made from natural materials or synthetic ones.

The type used will depend on the procedure as well as the tissue that needs suturing.

Suture needles come in diverse sizes and shapes.

They also have different point types.

Generally, however, the needles often used are less than 0.15 mm in diameter.

Training

Surgeons will have to undergo extensive training and practice before they perform microsurgery.

Know-how on basic anatomy and surgical techniques will also be required.

Surgeons will also be taught how to hold the instruments properly, how to lessen hand tremors, ways to maintain proper posture when performing microsurgical procedures and maintaining visual contact when using the microscope, among other things.

A set of essential techniques have to be mastered by the surgeon as they are often utilized in microsurgery.

These basic techniques include nerve grafting and repair, vessel repair, and vein grafting.

When already very proficient in the basic skills needed for microsurgery, more advanced techniques will be taught, including treating specific conditions.

For more information about microsurgery and if it is the right option for you, check www.bjios.sg right now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/microsurgery-basic-principles/

Limb Salvage Surgery: Who Needs It?

The procedure performed to remove bone cancers and soft tissue in the limbs is called limb salvage surgery.

The procedure is also otherwise known as limb-sparing surgery.

Limb salvage surgery is done in order to avoid amputation.

Goals

Some of the primary goals of limb salvage surgery include:

• Avoiding amputation
• Removal of cancer
• Preservation of appearance
• Maintaining the greatest possible degree of function

While often carried out in tumors and bone sarcomas, limb salvage surgery is also an option in soft tissue sarcomas affecting the extremities.

Nowadays, the procedure has become the ideal alternative to amputation.

It has also become the recommended treatment option for cancers that spread slowly (from the limb to other body parts), or those cancers that have not spread to the soft tissues yet.

Years prior, the usual treatment route of those patients with cancer in the limbs is amputation of the extremity affected.

Fortunately, nowadays, patients no longer have to lose their limbs in order to treat the cancer.

This development can be credited to numerous factors—survival rate of patients treated using chemotherapy, advanced imaging methods (CT scans and MR), and remarkable improvements in surgical techniques both resection and reconstruction, to name a few.

In recent years, limb salvage surgery has also become one of the recommended option for patients with chronic bone and degenerative conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Likewise, it has also become one of the treatment options for those patients that are considered candidates for diabetic limb amputation and those with chronic and acute limb wounds.

Diagnosis

Before your doctor will decide if limb salvage surgery is apt, the following key factors are taken into consideration:

• Type of cancer
• Its size
• Its location
• The cancer’s progression
• Age of the patient
• Overall health of the patient

When recommended, doctors will make sure the patient understands the likely outcome of the surgery.

While proven effective, there is still that possibility that the implant will fail and additional surgery might be required.

In some cases, amputation might become an option.

Physical and occupation therapists can also help patients who are candidates for limb salvage surgery.

Preparation for the surgery may include introduction of exercises that can help strengthen the muscles and ambulation (walking).

ROM or range of motion exercises patients would need to do after the operation will also be taught.

Procedure

Limb-sparing surgery involves not just removing the cancer but also at least an inch of the healthy tissue surrounding it.

Chemotherapy, radiation, or in some cases, a combination of both might be recommended to shrink the tumor before the procedure is performed.

Limb salvage surgery has 3 stages:

• The cancer as well as a margin of healthy tissue is removed.
• Bone graft is performed or prosthesis is implanted when necessary.
• Wound is closed by transferring soft tissue or muscle from other parts of the body.

Surgical Techniques

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Nowadays, a staggering 80 percent of cases of soft tissue sarcomas affecting the extremities are treated through limb salvage surgery.

The procedure entails removing the limb nodes, tumor, and the tissues where the cancer has spread.

An inch of the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor will also be removed.

For cases of soft tissue sarcomas that has spread to the lungs, the procedure will involve removing the original tumor, shrinking the lung tumor through chemotherapy or radiation, and surgically removing the lung tumor.

Bone Tumors

Treating low grade bone tumor and its components, doctors will remove the malignant lesion alongside a cuff of the healthy tissue.

Aftercare

Generally, patients will have to remain in the hospital for 5 to 10 days after the procedure.

Sensation and blood flow of the extremity affected will be monitored.

The hospital stay is also required to help ensure the patient does not develop any life-threatening complications like pneumonia, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

Know more about limb salvage surgery and what it can do for you by visiting www.bjios.sg.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/limb-salvage-surgery-who-needs-it/

Joint Pain: What are the Common Symptoms?

Pain, inflammation, and discomfort on any joint part (tendons, bone, muscles, and ligaments) is typically referred to as joint pain.

In most cases however, joint pain is also the term given to arthritis or arthralgia—a condition associated with inflammation or pain from within the joint itself.

Pain brought about by the condition can be mild (where soreness manifesting only after an activity) or it can be severe.

In severe cases, even limited movement can cause excruciating pain.

Causes

Some of the most likely causes of pain in the joint include but are not limited to the following:

• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Septic arthritis
• Polymyalgia rheumatic
• Tendinitis
• Reactive arthritis
• Sarcoidosis
• Rickets
• Sprains
• Strains
• Osteoarthritis
• Leukemia
• Paget’s disease of the bone
• Lupus
• Leukemia
• Bursitis
• Avascular necrosis
• Meralgia paresthetica
• Bone cancer
• Gout
• Hyperthyroidism
• Dislocation
• Adult Still’s disease
• Broken bone
• Ankylosing spondylitis

In majority of the cases, joint pain is relatively harmless and will respond to home-care remedies.

However, a doctor’s visit would be needed if the following symptoms will occur:

• Swelling
• Redness
• Tenderness

Visiting the doctor is also required if the joint pain is the result of an injury and the following symptoms manifest:

• Severe pain
• Sudden swelling
• Joint deformity
• Inability to use the joint

Treatment

Before the right treatment approach for the condition is identified, doctors would first need to accurately diagnose the cause of the condition.

Regardless of the chosen treatment option, the primary goals remain the same—alleviating the pain, minimizing the inflammation, and preserving the joint’s function.

Some of the treatment options for joint pain include the following:

Medications

Joint pains that are classified as moderate to severe (with swelling), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (i.e. aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) and over-the-counter painkillers might be recommended.

However, taking OTC medications should be done with caution especially if patient is an avid drinker as it might result to liver damage.

If pain that manifests is severe and won’t respond at all to NSAIDs, a strong opioid medication might be given.

Since opioid drugs can result to drowsiness, it is recommended that they are used only upon the doctor’s recommendation.

Yet another possible side effect of opioid medication is constipation.

Fortunately, it can easily be remedied through the use of laxatives.

Other medications that are known to help alleviate joint pain include:

• Muscle relaxants made to combat muscle spasms. These muscle relaxants are sometimes taken with NSAIDs in order to maximize pain relief.
• Some antidepressant and antiepileptic drugs. These medications do their job by interfering with the pain signals.

Physical Therapy

Working with a physical therapist is also an option for those who have joint pain.

The therapist will be using different techniques—manipulation, ultrasound, heat and cold therapy, and electrical nerve stimulation—in order to strengthen the muscles, improve the patient’s range of motion, and to stabilize the joint.

For those patients that are obese and suffering from joint pain, losing weight will be recommended to help ensure pressure and strain on the joints will be minimized.

However, it is recommended that they stick to exercises that are low-impact like swimming and bicycling in order to avoid irritating the joint even further.

Injections

For joint pain that does not respond to oral or topical mediations, a steroid medication might be prescribed.

Together with a local anesthetic, steroid medication will be directly injected into the joint.

The procedure is done every 3 to 4 months.

Steroid injections are often the recommended treatment options for those who are suffering from tendinitis, joint disease, and arthritis, among others.

For joint pain that is persistent, get expert help from the specialists at www.bjios.sg right away.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/joint-pain-what-are-the-common-symptoms/

Ingrown Toenails: Common Symptoms

An ingrown toenail occurs when the toenail grows into the skin as opposed to over it.

While the condition often only affects the big toe, there are times when it can also develop in the other toes.

While ingrown toenails can affect just about anyone, the condition is more common among adults than in children.

Ingrown toenails are also especially common among older adults.

People with curved or thick nails are also more susceptible to ingrown toenails.

When infected, the affected toenail can become swollen and red and may drain pus.

It can also become extremely painful and uncomfortable.

Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment approach can range from home care remedies to ingrown toenail surgery.

Causes

Some of the most common causes of ingrown toenail include:

• Toenails that are unusually curved
• Toenails that are cut too short
• Wearing of shoes that crowds the toenail
• Toenails that are not cut straight across
• Toenail injuries

Symptoms

Common signs that indicate ingrown toenail include but are not limited to the following:

• Swelling
• Tissue infection
• Redness around the toenail that is affected
• Pain and tenderness on the sides of the nail

Alarming symptoms that will require a visit to the doctor include:

• Severe discomfort and pain
• Redness that appears to be spreading
• Pus in the area affected
• If patient has diabetes or other medical conditions that can result to poor blood flow to the feet

Complications

Left untreated or undetected, ingrown toenails can lead to a serious bone infection that might affect the underlying bone.

The condition can also result to severe complications for those who have diabetes.

In some cases, it can even lead to nerve damage.

For patients with diabetes, even a foot injury that is minor in nature—cut, corn, callus, scrape, and an ingrown toenail—may become infected and can lead to other complications.

Appointment

Diabetic patients or those with alarming symptoms and are suffering from ingrown toenails should consider visiting the doctor a must.

Since doctor visits can sometimes be brief, it is recommended that patients come prepared so they can make the most out of the visit.

As a general rule of thumb, preparing a list of questions would be ideal.

Some of the key questions you can ask should include the following:

• What are the pros and cons of each treatment option?
• What are the possible treatment alternatives?
• Is the condition temporary or chronic?
• Will the condition heal on its own sans medical intervention?
• What results can patients expect after the treatment?
• What nail routine should be observed while the toe is healing?

Likewise, the session would be more beneficial if patients come prepared for likely questions the doctor will ask like:

• When did the symptoms manifest?
• What at home remedies have been tried?
• Do you have diabetes or other medical conditions that causes poor blood flow to the legs and feet?

Treatment

Mild cases of the condition will often respond to home remedies.

However, for severe cases, ingrown toenail surgery will most likely be the recommended option.

• Nail and tissue removal. If the condition has affected the same toe more than once, the doctor will most likely recommend removing a portion of the nail as well as the nail bed. The procedure can help ensure the affected nail does not grow back.
• Partial nail removal. Cases that manifest alarming symptoms like redness, pain, swelling, and pus, the doctor will likely recommend removing or at least trimming a portion of the nail. Before the procedure, an anesthetic will be administered in order to numb the toe that will be operated on.

While ingrown toenails may seem harmless, they can get bothersome and uncomfortable without proper attention and treatment. Avoid ingrown toenail discomfort and pain by checking with www.bjios.sg today.

 

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/ingrown-toenails-common-symptoms/

Hip and Knee Replacement: When is it Necessary?

While now a common procedure, years ago, joint replacement was once considered high-tech.

In the United States alone, surgeons perform the procedure more than a million times each year.

The staggering figure can be attributed to the enhanced mobility and pain relief only hip and knee replacement surgeries can offer.

Undoubtedly, for the right candidates, hip and knee replacement can be a life altering procedure.

However, surgery is not always the treatment option for those who are suffering from hip or knee pain.

Knee Replacement

Oftentimes, the most likely candidates for knee replacement surgery are those patients who are suffering from osteoarthritis.

Understandably, the condition is common in the knees as it bears the weight of the body.

The procedure will be the treatment option resorted to only after all other conventional alternatives have been exhausted.

Just like many major surgical procedures, knee replacement also has certain risks.

Some of the risks include but are not limited to the following:

• Heart attacks
• Stroke
• Infection
• Nerve damage
• Blood clots (in the lungs or leg veins)

The surgery will be performed by an orthopedic surgeon.

Prior to the surgery, physical examination will be performed to assess the stability, strength, and the range of motion of the knee.

Hip Replacement

In essence, hip replacement is the surgical procedure carried out to remove the hip joint’s damaged parts.

If all other conventional treatment alternatives have proved futile, hip replacement surgery becomes the likely option.

Patients with severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis are often likely candidates for the procedure.

Extent of the hip replacement however will be based on the severity of the joint damage.

For those individuals with hip fractures due to osteoporosis, hip replacement is also the likely treatment option.

Oftentimes, the most common reason for the procedure can be attributed to damage brought about by arthritis.

Also known as total hip arthroplasty, hip replacement surgery is often considered the best treatment approach when pain has become so severe and it already interferes with the patient’s day-to-day routine.

Preparation

For individuals who are candidates for hip or knee replacement, asking the right questions is deemed an integral part of the preparation.

If you are a candidate for joint replacement, the following questions should make it to your list:

Is surgery the best treatment alternative available for my case?

• Do I have other treatment choices?
• After the surgery, how far can I walk without experiencing any pain?
• Is surgery the best option for someone my age?
• Can I still participate in any sports (i.e. golf, tennis, swimming, etc.) that I enjoy?

What can I do to help ensure the procedure is a resounding success?

• Will I be taught muscle strengthening exercises?
• Is it recommended that I lose weight before the procedure?
• Will it be necessary to learn how to utilize crutches/walker before the surgery?

What home preparations do I need to do?

• Do I have to do any rearranging?
• What are some of the effective ways I can ensure safety at home?
• How much is the extent of help I will be needing?

What are the potential risks and complications of the procedure?

• Will blood transfusion be necessary before or after?
• What can I do to help minimize the risks?
• Which medical conditions (i.e. heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc.) have to be monitored?

What is the procedure like?

• How long will the surgery last?
• How soon after the procedure can I commence with my routine activities?
• How long will the hospital stay be?

What preparations am I expected to do the night before the procedure?

• When do I stop eating or drinking?
• What are the essentials I need to bring?
• Are there medications I am supposed to take prior to the procedure?

Joint replacement is not the ideal treatment option for everyone. To know if it is appropriate for your case, visit www.bjios.sg right away.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/hip-and-knee-replacement-when-is-it-necessary/

Management of Fractures

A broken bone or a fracture occurs when the force exerted that is exerted on the bone is more than it can bear.

Some of the common symptoms of the condition include severe pain and loss of function.

In some cases, bleeding around the site that is injured will also manifest.

There are different types of bone fractures.

Oftentimes, the severity of the condition will depend on several factors such as age, strength and direction of the force, the individual’s overall health, and the specific bone involved.

Some of the most common bone fractures occur in the ankle, wrist, and hip.

Older people however are more prone to hip fractures.

Causes

Some of the most common causes of bone fractures include:

• Some cancers (can cause the bones to easily break)
• Falls
• Vehicle accidents
• Sporting injuries
• Certain bone conditions like osteoporosis

Symptoms

While bone fractures are not the same as dislocations, in some cases, it can be difficult to tell one from the other.

Oftentimes, bone fracture symptoms will depend on the bone affected as well as the severity of the injury.

However, the following are some of the common manifestations of bone fracture:

• Deformity
• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Inability to use the limb affected

Types

There are different types of bone fractures.

The following are some of the most common:

• Open or compound fracture – this type occurs when a wound that leads to the fractured site is present. It can also occur when the bone that is fractured juts out. Infection and external bleeding are likely complications that can result from this type of fracture.
• Closed or simple fracture – this kind occurs when the bone that is broken does not pierce the skin.
• Comminuted fracture – this type will take a long time to heal. The long healing period necessary can be attributed to the fractured bone shattering into small pieces.
• Greenstick fracture – this type is often characterized by a slender and small crack. This kind of fracture is also very common among children.
• Compression fracture – this fracture type occurs when two bones are forced against each other. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are more prone to this type of injury. Old people with osteoporosis are also likely candidates.
• Hairline fracture – this kind occurs in the foot and the lower leg. Hairline fractures often result from repeated stress and strain from activities like running or jogging.
• Complicated fracture – When the injury also affects the surrounding structures of the bone, the condition is called complicated fracture. In most cases, there might be likely damage to the arteries, veins, or the nerves. Injury to the bone’s lining (periosteum) may also occur.
• Avulsion fracture – this type often occurs in the knee and the shoulder joints. Avulsion fractures occur when pieces of the bone get pulled out and the muscle contractions wrench the tendon.

However, not all fractures occur only in the legs, arms, wrist, or hips.

Pelvis, chest, head, and spine traumas can also result to fractures in the skull and ribs.

Since these types of injuries are considered life-threatening, first aid treatments alone will not be enough.

Seeking immediate medical attention will be recommended.

Treatment

Diagnosing bone fractures are done using X-rays.

In other cases, computer tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be recommended.

While broken bones will often heal on their own, medical treatment is sometimes necessary to help ensure all the pieces are properly lined up.

In cases that are complicated, surgery, surgical traction, or both might be necessary.

It is also vital that the bone recovers full sensitivity, strength, and movement.

Treatment options for fractures will often depend on severity.

Some of the likely options include:

• Splints
• Braces
• Traction
• Plaster casts
• Pain relief
• Surgically inserted metal rods or plates

Without proper medical attention and management, fractures can worsen. Prevent that from happening by visiting www.bjios.sg right away.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/management-of-fractures/

Foot and Ankle Injuries: Effective Ways to Lower Your Risk

Many people at one point or another will experience foot and ankle injury.

In majority of the cases, foot and ankle injuries are not attributed to the typical body movements.

Rather, they are often attributed to both overuse and everyday wear and tear.

A foot and ankle injury can often occur during:

• Works and projects done at home
• Performance of work-related tasks
• Sports or recreational activities

In children, foot and ankle injuries often occur during play or while engaged in sports.

It can also be the result of falls.

In most cases, injury risks are way higher for those engaged in sports that require drastic direction changes and jumping (i.e. soccer, football, and jumping).

Certain athletes like dancers, gymnasts, and soccer and basketball players are more susceptible to foot and ankle injuries.

Older adults become more susceptible to foot and ankle injuries and fractures because they have tendency to already lose muscle mass and bone strength (osteopenia) as they age.

They are also likely to have balance and vision problems—two factors that can significantly increase their risk for injuries.

Fortunately, minor injuries will often heal on their own.

Oftentimes, home remedies would be able to heal the injury and relieve the symptoms.

Acute/sudden injuries

Injuries of this type can result from direct blows, penetrations injuries, and falls.

It can also be attributed to jamming, twisting, jerking, or abnormal limb bending.

Pain associated with these types of injuries are often sudden and severe.

Bruising and swelling will also likely to manifest after the injury.

Some of the most common foot and ankle injuries include:

• Sprains – if the condition will not heal despite treatment, it can be a clear manifestation of another condition known as osteochondritis dissecans.
• Pulled muscles or strains – muscles of the foot and ankle can be strained. At times, it may even rupture.
• Tendon injuries – conditions like Achilles tendinitis can occur when the tendons in the heels will rupture.
• Contusions – bruising brought about by ankle injuries can sometimes extend to the toes.

Overuse injuries

Overuse injuries often occur when the joint (and other tissues) are subjected to too much stress and strain.

The strain and stress can be attributed to overdoing of an activity or repetition.

Some of the most common overuse injuries are:

• Retrocalcaneal bursitis – when the bursa is inflamed, this condition occurs. This condition can also result to swelling of the heel and the back of the ankle and tenderness.
• Plantar fasciitis – this condition occurs when the plantar fascia (the flat and broad ligament situated at the bottom of the foot) becomes inflamed.

Prevention

To ensure foot and ankle injuries are avoided, keep the following beneficial pointers in mind:

• Change the running shoes often. Experts recommend buying and using a new pair at least every 3 months or after 500 miles of wear.
• Wear the right footwear. Choose shoes that is not only comfortable but will also offer good support.
• Observe proper training. When exercising, it is recommended that ankle, foot, and leg stretches are done before and after exercising. Sprinting excessively should also be avoided.
• Avoid overusing the foot or the ankle. Repeated movements can sometimes result to injury to the bursa or the tendons.
• Wear supportive brace. Wrapping the foot or ankle during exercises or activities can also significantly reduce injury risks.
• Get rid of excess pounds. Getting rid of the extra weight can dramatically lessen the strain and stress on the ankle and foot.
• Wearing the right athletic footwear. When purchasing shoes, opt for ones that offer good arch support and those that come with cushioned soles. It would also be a good idea to check with an orthopedist, podiatrist, or a sports medicine professional so you will be guided on the best pair to invest in.

In some cases, you can get foot and ankle injuries however careful you may be. To ensure, the condition is attended to accordingly, ensure you are getting expert help from the competent specialists at www.bjios.sg.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/foot-and-ankle-injuries-effective-ways-to-lower-your-risk/

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Who Are at Risk?

A hand and wrist condition that occurs when the median nerve is compressed is known as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Some of the most common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include but are not limited to pain, numbness, and weakness.

In some cases, the symptoms may also radiate to the arm affected.

Depending on the severity, treatment options available may vary.

Likely treatment approaches can include noninvasive options to carpal tunnel syndrome surgery.

Causes

While several causes have been identified, below are some of the key culprits:

• Irritated flexor tendons
• Wrist movements that are repetitive
• Other medical conditions like hypothyroidism, diabetes, pregnancy, and rheumatoid arthritis

Risk Factors

Some of the risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome include:

Sex

The condition is observed to be more common in women than in men.

Inflammatory Conditions

Diseases that are characterized by inflammation like rheumatoid arthritis may sometimes affect the wrist tendons and put pressure on the median nerve.

Other medical conditions

Disorders like obesity, kidney failure, menopause, obesity, and other medical conditions have also been associate with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Nerve-damaging diseases

Conditions like diabetes can increase the risk of nerve damage that may also affect the median nerve.

Workplace factors

Work or hobbies that entail repetitive or prolonged flexing of the wrist may cause pressure on the median nerve.

Essentially, carpal tunnel syndrome is often considered a work-related condition.

Individuals who are prone to developing the condition are those involved in work that requires the following:

• Hand movements that are repetitive and forceful
• Hand-arm vibration
• Hand positions that are awkward and that lasts for long periods

Symptoms

While mild cases of carpal tunnel syndrome often only affect the hand, in some cases, it can also affect the forearm.

In some cases, it will sometimes spread to the shoulder.

Mild cases of the condition may manifest some of the following symptoms:

• Occasional tingling
• Pain
• “Pins-and-needles” sensation
• Numbness or pain in the hand, forearm, or wrist
• Pain and numbness when the wrist is flexed
• Pain and numbness when gripping an object
• Finger stiffness (often especially noticeable in the mornings)
• Numbness and pain that escalates when the affected hand is used

In moderate to severe cases, reduced strength and grip as well as numbness in the fingers, thumb, or hand manifest.

Individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome may also find doing the following challenging:

• Performing basic hand movements like combing the hair or holding a spoon. Patients will also have the tendency to drop objects accidentally.
• Using the thumb for simple tasks like opening a jar or using a screwdriver. In the case of long-term carpal tunnel syndrome, atrophy of the muscles of the thumb may occur.
• Pinching an object between the thumb and the first finger. This is referred to as pinch strength loss.

Symptoms of the condition are often observed in the parts of the hand that are supplied by the media nerve like middle finger, thumb, half of the ring finger, and the index finger.

While unknown to many, the median nerve will not affect the little finger.

That means in cases where symptoms affect the little finger, it would be safe to assume it is not carpal tunnel syndrome.

Treatment

Medical attention is required if the following symptoms are present:

• Pain, numbness, tingling sensation, and weakness that remains after 2 weeks.
• When performing even basic hand movements becomes challenging.
• When there’s noticeably little or no feelings in the fingers or hand.
• When pinching the thumb and the finger together is no longer feasible.
• When diminished thumb strength is observed.

In most cases, mild cases of carpal tunnel syndrome will respond to homecare remedies.

However, if the abovementioned alarming symptoms will become evident, getting in touch with a medical professional is recommended as you might be a likely candidate for carpal tunnel syndrome surgery.

If  you notice telltale indicators of carpal tunnel syndrome, visit www.bjios.sg for expert management of the condition.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-who-are-at-risk/

Bunion Surgery: What are the Benefits

In essence, bunion is the term given to the bony bump that develops at the big toe’s base.

Wearing of footwear that is too small or narrow is considered one of the most common culprits of the painful condition.

There are more cases of bunions in women than in men.

When the condition does not respond to noninvasive treatments, surgery might be recommended to correct the deformity.

Removal of the bunions is sometimes referred to as bunionectomy, hallux valgus (Latin term for “foot deformity”) removal, or bunions surgery.

Bunion Surgery

To help alleviate the pain brought about by bunion, some wear shoes that are larger than their feet size.

Others find comfort when wearing protected pads.

Unfortunately, there will be instances when even making significant lifestyle adjustments won’t be able to improve the condition.

In similar scenarios, bunions surgery might become the best treatment option.

Some cases that might require bunion surgery can include the following:

• Patient experiences severe pain. The pain and discomfort can make the performance of daily routine and activities extra challenging.
• Patient can no longer walk without experiencing pain.
• The big toe is still swollen and painful even after proper rest and medication.
• Straightening or bending the toe is no longer possible.

For patients who are possible candidates for bunion surgery, discussing the condition as well as the procedure with the doctor is highly recommended.

A discussion with the doctor is important so both parties can decide on the kind of surgery to be performed to correct the condition.

To accurately diagnose the condition, an X-ray of the affected foot might be recommended.

While unknown to many, there are more than 100 different types of bunion removal procedures that can remove the bunion and realign the big toe.

However, oftentimes, the kind of bunion removal surgery will depend on the progression as well as the size of the bunion.

Preparation

Before the surgery, it will be likely that patients will be asked to undergo a few tests to assess their overall health status.

A cardiogram (to check heart function), X-ray of the lungs, blood and urine tests might also be suggested to check for other possible underlying conditions.

Patients taking blood thinning and other medications will most likely be asked to refrain from doing so at least a few days before the scheduled surgery.

After the surgery, patients are often already allowed to go home once the anesthesia has worn off.

Fasting might also be recommended but it will be determined based on the starting time of the scheduled procedure so it would be best to check with your doctor on this.

As a general rule of thumb, it would be best to ask for a list of dos and don’ts and make sure you strictly adhere to them so likely complications that will arise can be avoided.

Procedure

In most cases, general anesthesia will not be required during bunion removal surgery.

Oftentimes however, a local anesthetic known as ankle block will be given.

It works by numbing the area situated below the knee.

The surgeon will proceed with the bunion removal and other necessary repairs once the knee is numb.

While there are several types of bunion removal surgeries, the following are three of the most common:

Osteotomy

The joint of the big toe is cut and realigned.

Exostectomy

No alignment is done but removal of the bunion is performed.

Arthrodesis

Metal plates or screws are used to replace the damaged joint and to correct the deformity.

Patient will be taken to the recovery room right after the surgery.

The blood pressure and heart rate will also be monitored while waiting for the anesthesia to wear off.

Fortunately, in most cases, patients can already go home after a couple of hours or so.

Recovery

Recovery from the surgery will usually take 6 to 8 weeks.

However, it will take at least 4 to 6 months for full recovery to take place.

Patients will have to wear a surgical boot or a cast for at least 2 weeks after the procedure.

For more information about bunion and the procedure appropriate for your case, visit www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/bunion-surgery-what-are-the-benefits/

Bone Tumors: What are the Different Types?

When the cells in the body divide abnormally and uncontrollably, they can turn into a mass or lump.

This mass or lump is called a tumor.

Tumors that form in the bones are called bone tumors.

Tumors that are not cancerous are called benign.

However, even if a benign bone tumor is often considered harmless and is not likely to spread to other parts of the body, it may still need to be treated.

While harmless, there is a tendency for benign bone tumors to grow.

The growth may result to compression of healthy bone tissues.

However, it is unfortunate to note that not all bone tumors are benign.

Some are classified as cancerous or malignant.

Left untreated, the cancer can end up spreading to other parts of the body.

Causes

While no direct causes of bone tumors have been identified, some of the likely culprits of the condition include radiation treatments, genetics, and bone injuries.

Symptoms

Some of the telltale indicators that signal the presence of bone tumors include but are not limited to the following:

• Dull ache felt in the bone affected
• Swelling at the tumor site
• Fevers
• Night sweats
• Occasional pain that will eventually become severe and constant

Benign bone tumors

Some of the most common benign tumors include:

Giant cell tumors

The kind of tumor often affects adults and can grow aggressively.

Giant cell tumors also often affect the bone’s rounded end.

This type of bone tumor is considered rare.

Osteochondromas

As far as benign bone tumor goes, this type is considered one of the most common.

In fact, this kind accounts for at least 40 percent of benign bone tumors.

The condition is also common among adolescents and teenagers.

This type of benign bone tumor also often manifests in the upper end of the upper bone (humerus), the lower leg’s upper end (tibia), and the thigh bone’s lower end (femur).

Echondroma

This condition occurs when a cartilage cyst grows in the bone marrow.

Echondroma often affects the long bones of the arm and the thigh as well as the hands and the feet.

Aneurysmal bone cyst

Aneurysmal bone cysts are characterized by blood vessel abnormality.

However, this condition often begins in the bone marrow and the cyst can grow rapidly.

Aneurysmal bone cysts can also be destructive as it can affect the growth plates.

Fibrous dysplasia

This condition is attributed to a gene mutation that will make the bones fibrous, making them more prone to fracture as a result.

Nanossifying fibroma unicameral

Considered as the only true cyst of the bone, this condition often occurs in the leg.

It’s also very common among adolescents and children.

Malignant bone tumors

Some of the most common types of malignant bone tumors include:

Chondrosarcoma

This condition is common among older and middle-aged adults.

This type of bone cancer also often occurs in the shoulders, hips, and the pelvis.

Osteosarcoma

Common among adolescents and children, osteosarcomas often manifest around the hips, shoulder, and the knee.

The condition is otherwise known as osteogenic sarcoma.

Secondary bone cancer

Essentially, this means the cancer started somewhere in the body but eventually spread to the bone.

This condition is common among older adults.

Cancers that originate in the prostate, lung, kidney, breast, and the thyroid gland often spreads to the bones.

Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs)

This condition is common among adolescents.

However, in some cases, the tumor affects children as young as 5 years old.

ESFTs often develop in the skull, ribs, backbone, upper arms, and pelvis.

Apart from the bones, ESFTs can also manifest in soft tissues like the muscles, fat, and the blood vessels.

This condition has been observed to spread rapidly and are more common in females.

For more information and expert help on the care and management of bone tumors, head to www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/bone-tumors-what-are-the-different-types/

Back pain is a very common condition that it is likely to affect people at one point in their lives or another.

Likely Causes

While unknown to many, the back is a very intricate structure made up of muscles, joints, bones, and nerves.

And because of its intricacy, finding the exact cause of the back pain is often extra challenging.

However, it is fortunate to note that most cases are not attributed to serious underlying illnesses.

Rather, injuries, minor sprains, strains, and sometimes, a pinched or irritated nerve have been identified as the most likely culprits.

If the pain is both persistent and severe however, visiting a back pain specialist would be highly recommended.

Other possible back pain culprits include:

• Lifting and carrying of heavy objects
• Slouching
• Awkward twisting
• Overstretching
• Overusing the muscles
• Repetitive movements
• Pushing or pulling of heavy objects
• Driving or sitting in a hunched position for a very long time
• Awkward bending that lasts for sometime

In some cases, back pains can manifest without any apparent reason.

For those who want to play safe, seeing a back pain specialist should be considered a must.

Diagnosis

While most cases of back pains are harmless and will disappear on their own eventually, there are also cases where the discomfort and the pain can become very severe.

When the back is examined, the patient’s ability to walk, sit, stand, and left the legs will be checked.

In majority of the cases, individuals suffering from back pain will also be asked regarding previous injuries and illnesses, type of work, and lifestyle.

Some of the probable questions the doctor will ask include:

• Where is the pain’s exact location?
• When did you first notice the pain?
• What is it like?
• What activities can make the pain better or worse?
• Have you had back problems or any back injuries in the past?

Prevention

One of the best ways to avoid back pain is to keep the back strong and supple.

For starters, regular exercise, good posture, and lifting correctly can definitely help keep back pain at bay.

For individuals with recurring back pain, the following pointers may prove beneficial:

• Avoiding drastic movements – this is done to help prevent muscle stress and strain.
• Losing weight – extra weight especially in the upper body can put unnecessary strain and stress to the lower back. Losing the extra pounds would definitely do wonders for your back.
• Staying active – regular exercise like walking and swimming are considered superb ways to prevent back pain.
• Wearing of shoes with cushioned soles – this can help reduce strain on the back.

Exercise

Without doubt, exercising is one of the many proven ways to help minimize and prevent pain in the back.

However, before starting any exercise program, checking with a doctor would be ideal.

Popular exercise disciplines like yoga and Pilates are considered beneficial in helping improve back flexibility and strength.

However, it is recommended that performing any of those exercises should be done under the guidance and watch of a qualified instructor so any likely injuries are avoided.

Some exercises that have been proven to help relieve and prevent back pain include:

• Back extensions
• Bottom to heels stretch
• Knee rolls

Lifting and Carrying

One of the proven culprits of back injury is the incorrect lifting and handling of objects.

To prevent these types of injuries from happening, the following tips should be kept in mind:

• Know the limit between what you can lift and what you can lift safely. Don’t shy away from getting help when necessary.
• Ensure weight is distributed to both sides evenly when carrying shopping bags or luggage.
• Maintain balance by ensuring feet are apart and one feet is slightly forward. Refrain from stooping or squatting.

If you experience severe and persistent back pain, checking with a back pain specialist is recommended. Visit www.bjios.sg for expert help.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/272/

ACL Injury: Is Surgery Necessary?

In essence, an ACL injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament or the ACL (one of the major ligaments in the knee) is torn.

ACL injuries often result from sports that involve drastic directions and sudden stops like football, basketball, downhill skiing, volleyball, soccer, and gymnastics.

Treatment options can range from rehabilitation and rest to surgery, depending on the severity of the ACL injury.

The following are some of the primary goals of ACL surgery:

• Keep function loss to a minimum
• Restoring normal (or at the very least close to normal) knee stability
• Prevent injury and degeneration of other structures of the knee

Although surgery will not be necessary for all ACL tears, the patient and doctor will decide if rehabilitation and surgery will be best or rehabilitation alone would suffice.

Surgery is often the recommended option in the following scenarios:

• The ACL has been completely or partially torn, making the knee unstable.
• The patient wants to again participate in sports that will require knee strength and stability.
• The patient would be willing to commit to a long and rigorous rehab program.
• The patient has already gone through a rehabilitation program yet the knee is still unstable.
• The patient has a chronic ACL deficiency and the condition already affects the patient’s quality of life.
• Other knee parts (i.e. cartilage, tendons, meniscus) has also been injured.

Oftentimes, surgery is not required in the following cases:

• The tear is minor and responds well to rest and rehab.
• The patient is not involved in any job or sports that will require a knee that is stable.
• The patient can commit to a complete rehabilitation program that can help stabilize the knee and strengthen the leg muscles.
• The patient is suffering from other conditions that will make the ACL surgery risky.

While ACL surgeries are generally safe, there are still certain complications that can result from surgery and rehab such as:

• Damage to the nerves, structures, and blood vessels in and around the knee
• Blood clots in the legs
• Infection in the incisions
• Kneecap grating
• Stretching, loosening, and re-injury of the scar tissue
• Pain

ACL surgery can mean reconstructing or repairing the ACL.

• ACL reconstruction surgery involves replacing the ligament using a graft.

Autograft is the most common.

In essence, it means making use of the patient’s own body parts like the patellar tendon or the hamstring.

• Aliograft is another option, with the tissue taken from a deceased donor.

ACL repair surgery is performed when an avulsion fracture occurs.

This kind of fracture happens when a piece of the ligament and bone has been separated from the rest of the bone.

The procedure involves reattaching the bone fragment to the bone.

ACL injuries are performed by orthopedic surgeons.

In most cases, it is done by inserting surgical instruments through small incisions in the knee.

The method is called arthroscopic surgery.

In other instances, the procedure is carried out through large knee incisions.

The procedure is known as open surgery.

Many orthopedic surgeons prefer arthroscopic surgery over open surgery due to the following reasons:

• It has lesser risks
• Working and seeing the knee structures is a way easier
• The incisions are smaller
• It can be performed at the same time as a diagnostic arthroscopy

Arthroscopic surgery is performed under regional or general anesthesia.

It is also an outpatient procedure so patient will not be required to spend time in the hospital.

While swelling and numbness of the affected area will likely manifest after the surgery, it will eventually disappear after a few days.

If you are a candidate for ACL surgery, please visit www.bjios.sg for expert help.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/acl-injury-is-surgery-necessary/

Treatment Options for Achilles Tendinitis

The calf muscles are attached to the calcaneus or the heel bone by the Achilles tendon.

The Achilles tendon is also used when walking, jumping, running, and standing on the balls of one’s feet.

In some cases, continuous and intense physical activities (i.e. running, jumping, etc.) can result to an inflamed Achilles tendon.

This painful inflammation is known commonly as Achilles tendinitis.

What are some of the causes of Achilles tendinitis?

In most cases, excessive exercise and walking are considered the likely culprits.

That being said, it does not come as a surprise that the condition is very common among athletes.

However, in some instances, factors that are not associated to exercise have also been known to contribute to the risk.

For example, rheumatoid arthritis and infection have been believed to be correlated to the condition.

Basically, repeated activities that put strain and stress to the Achilles tendon can cause the condition to manifest.

Other likely causes of Achilles tendinitis can include the following:

• Exercising without proper warm-up.
• Engaging in sports that entail hasty stops and direction changes like football, tennis, basketball, etc.
• Doing repeated exercises and other physical activities that put a strain on the calf muscles.
• Wearing ill-fitting footwear.
• Wearing high heels for really long periods.

What are the risk factors for Achilles tendinitis?

Certain factors have been known to increase one’s risk of Achilles tendinitis including:

• Age – Achilles tendinitis is more likely to happen more often as one ages
• Sex – the condition is more common among men than in women
• Physical problems – more stress and strain is placed on the Achilles tendon when one has a flat arch. Tight calf muscles and obesity can also put unwanted strain to the tendon.
• Training choices – running on hilly terrains and wearing worn out footwear has also been known to increase the possibility of Achilles tendinitis.
• Medical conditions – people with high blood pressure and psoriasis are more predisposed to the condition compared to their healthier counterparts.

What are the symptoms of Achilles tendinitis?

Primary symptoms of the condition include pain in the posterior part of the heel and swelling.

The pain becomes especially evident when running or walking.

Other likely symptoms include stiffness and tenderness of the affected area, limited motion range, and tightened calf muscles.

When the skin on the heel becomes overly warm, it can also be a telltale indicator of the condition.

How is Achilles tendinitis diagnosed?

For the condition to be diagnosed accurately, the doctor would ask a few questions regarding the pain and the swelling.

The doctor will also likely ask the patient to stand on the balls of the feet.

This is performed so the doctor can assess the range of motion and flexibility.

To gauge where the pain and swelling is most intense, the doctor will have to palpate the area directly.

When necessary imaging tests may be ordered but most of the time, they are considered unnecessary.

What are the treatment options for Achilles tendinitis?

There are plenty of treatment options available for patients suffering from Achilles tendinitis.

Treatment approach can range from medications (ibuprofen), steroid injections, and surgery.

The following might also be recommended:

• Lessening physical activities
• Stretching and strengthening the calf muscles
• Physical therapy
• Icing the affected area after exercise and when in pain
• Wearing of a brace or compressive elastic bandage to keep heel movement to a minimum
• Elevating the area affected to reduce swelling
• Taking anti-inflammatory medicines like ibuprofen and aspirin
• Getting steroid injections
• Engaging in sports that is not strenuous

If the condition will not respond to treatment options that are not invasive, surgery might be recommended.

Oftentimes, surgery will be performed to repair the tendon.

When left untreated, the condition can complicate and may result to an Achilles rupture.

For proper management of Achilles tendinitis, please head to www.bjios.sg now.

source http://allurewellness.net/2017/01/31/treatment-options-for-achilles-tendinitis/